A logic model in program planning typically includes which core components?

• A. Goals, objectives, strategies, budgets
• B. Participants, control groups, randomization, blinding
• C. Costs, utilization, revenue, profit
• D. Inputs, Activities, Outputs, Outcomes, and Impact

Answer: (D)

Logic models show how a program's resources and activities are expected to lead to changes and results. It starts with inputs—the resources invested. Activities are what you do with those resources. Outputs are the immediate products or services delivered. Outcomes are the changes you hope to see in participants or systems, usually in short- to intermediate-term steps. Impact is the long-term, population-level change. This sequence links what you invest to what you aim to achieve, making it the best description of a logic model. Other choices describe study designs or financial measures rather than the explicit chain from resources to impact.