Identify the three roles of public health nurses.

• A. Population assessment; assurance of well-coordinated system; policy development
• B. Acute hospital care; ward management; point-of-care testing
• C. Pharmaceutical development; clinical trials; product distribution
• D. Emergency response only; disaster relief; risk communication

Answer: (A)

Public health nursing focuses on the health of whole communities, using data to guide actions, ensuring a capable and coordinated health system, and shaping policies to improve population health. The three roles are population assessment (collecting and analyzing health data to identify needs and track trends), assurance of a well‑coordinated system (making sure essential services are available, accessible, and of good quality, and coordinating care and preparedness across sectors), and policy development (participating in creating and promoting policies and programs that improve health and reduce disparities). The other options describe mainly clinical or industry activities, not the population‑level functions that define public health nursing.