Which framework is used to guide cultural competence in public health?

• A. Purnell Model for Cultural Competence
• B. Campinha-Bacote's Model of Cultural Competence
• C. Both A and B
• D. None of the above

Answer: (C)

Cultural competence in public health is built by using established frameworks that guide understanding and action across diverse communities. Both the Purnell Model for Cultural Competence and Campinha-Bacote's Model of Cultural Competence are widely used to structure how programs assess cultural contexts and develop staff and systems. The Purnell model offers a comprehensive map of culture through multiple domains, helping teams identify contextual factors, beliefs, and practices that affect health behaviors and service use. This helps tailor programs to fit the unique cultural landscape of a population. Campinha-Bacote's model, on the other hand, outlines a developmental process with five constructs—cultural awareness, knowledge, skills, encounters, and desire—emphasizing ongoing growth for individuals and organizations toward culturally competent practice. Because public health work involves both understanding diverse cultures and continually building the capabilities to respond effectively, many efforts draw on elements from both frameworks.