Which statement is NOT one of Hill's criteria for causation?

• A. Strength
• B. Replicability
• C. Temporality
• D. Analogy

Answer: (B)

Hill's criteria outline several factors to weigh when judging whether an association may be causal. The recognized elements include strength of association, temporality (the cause precedes the effect), analogy (comparing to similar known causes), and consistency across different studies, among others like plausibility, coherence, biological gradient, and experimental evidence.

Replicability as a standalone item isn’t one of the formal Hill criteria. Replication of findings across studies falls under the idea of consistency, which captures whether similar results are observed in different settings, populations, and times. So while replication supports the causal argument, it isn’t listed as a separate criterion in Hill’s framework.